Mono and biallelic variants in HCN2 cause severe neurodevelopmental disorders.

Hyperpolarization activated Cyclic Nucleotide (HCN) gated channels are crucial for various neurophysiological functions, including learning and sensory functions, and their dysfunction are responsible for brain disorders, such as epilepsy. To date, HCN2 variants have only been associated with mild epilepsy and recently, one monoallelic missense variant has been linked to developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. Here, we expand the phenotypic spectrum of HCN2- related disorders by describing twenty-one additional individuals from fifteen unrelated families carrying HCN2 variants. Seventeen individuals had developmental delay/intellectual disability (DD/ID), two had borderline DD/ID, and one had borderline DD. Ten individuals had epilepsy with DD/ID, with median age of onset of 10 months, and one had epilepsy with normal development. Molecular diagnosis identified thirteen different pathogenic HCN2 variants, including eleven missense variants affecting highly conserved amino acids, one frameshift variant, and one in-frame deletion. Seven variants were monoallelic of which five occurred de novo, one was not maternally inherited, one was inherited from a father with mild learning disabilities, and one was of unknown inheritance. The remaining six variants were biallelic, with four homozygous and two compound heterozygous variants. Functional studies using two-electrode voltage-clamp recordings in Xenopus laevis oocytes were performed on three monoallelic variants, p.(Arg324His), p.(Ala363Val), and p.(Met374Leu), and three biallelic variants, p.(Leu377His), p.(Pro493Leu) and p.(Gly587Asp). The p.(Arg324His) variant induced a strong increase of HCN2 conductance, while p.(Ala363Val) and p.(Met374Leu) displayed dominant negative effects, leading to a partial loss of HCN2 channel function. By confocal imaging, we found that the p.(Leu377His), p.(Pro493Leu) and p.(Gly587Asp) pathogenic variants impaired membrane trafficking, resulting in a complete loss of HCN2 elicited currents in Xenopus oocytes. Structural 3D-analysis in depolarized and hyperpolarized states of HCN2 channels, revealed that the pathogenic variants p.(His205Gln), p.(Ser409Leu), p.(Arg324Cys), p.(Asn369Ser) and p.(Gly460Asp) modify molecular interactions altering HCN2 function. Taken together, our data broadens the clinical spectrum associated with HCN2 variants, and disclose that HCN2 is involved in developmental encephalopathy with or without epilepsy.

The human OPA1delTTAG mutation induces adult onset and progressive auditory neuropathy in mice.

Dominant optic atrophy (DOA) is one of the most prevalent forms of hereditary optic neuropathies and is mainly caused by heterozygous variants in OPA1, encoding a mitochondrial dynamin-related large GTPase. The clinical spectrum of DOA has been extended to a wide variety of syndromic presentations, called DOAplus, including deafness as the main secondary symptom associated to vision impairment. To date, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the deafness in DOA remain unknown. To gain insights into the process leading to hearing impairment, we have analyzed the Opa1delTTAG mouse model that recapitulates the DOAplus syndrome through complementary approaches combining morpho-physiology, biochemistry, and cellular and molecular biology. We found that Opa1delTTAG mutation leads an adult-onset progressive auditory neuropathy in mice, as attested by the auditory brainstem response threshold shift over time. However, the mutant mice harbored larger otoacoustic emissions in comparison to wild-type littermates, whereas the endocochlear potential, which is a proxy for the functional state of the stria vascularis, was comparable between both genotypes. Ultrastructural examination of the mutant mice revealed a selective loss of sensory inner hair cells, together with a progressive degeneration of the axons and myelin sheaths of the afferent terminals of the spiral ganglion neurons, supporting an auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD). Molecular assessment of cochlea demonstrated a reduction of Opa1 mRNA level by greater than 40%, supporting haploinsufficiency as the disease mechanism. In addition, we evidenced an early increase in Sirtuin 3 level and in Beclin1 activity, and subsequently an age-related mtDNA depletion, increased oxidative stress, mitophagy as well as an impaired autophagic flux. Together, these results support a novel role for OPA1 in the maintenance of inner hair cells and auditory neural structures, addressing new challenges for the exploration and treatment of OPA1-linked ANSD in patients.

Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy Imaging of Multiple System Atrophy Inclusions Suggests Stepwise α-Synuclein Aggregation.

BACKGROUND: The architecture and composition of glial (GCI) and neuronal (NCI) α-synuclein inclusions observed in multiple system atrophy (MSA) remain to be precisely defined to better understand the disease. METHODS: Here, we used stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) to characterize the nanoscale organization of glial (GCI) and neuronal (NCI) α-synuclein inclusions in cryopreserved brain sections from MSA patients. RESULTS: STORM revealed a dense cross-linked internal structure of α-synuclein in all GCI and NCI. The internal architecture of hyperphosphorylated α-synuclein (p-αSyn) inclusions was similar in glial and neuronal cells, suggesting a common aggregation mechanism. A similar sequence of p-αSyn stepwise intracellular aggregation was defined in oligodendrocytes and neurons, starting from the perinuclear area and growing inside the cells. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found a higher mitochondrial density in GCI and NCI compared to oligodendrocytes and neurons from unaffected donors (P < 0.01), suggesting an active recruitment of the organelles during the aggregation process. CONCLUSIONS: These first STORM images of GCI and NCI suggest stepwise α-synuclein aggregation in MSA. © 2024 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

De novo variants in SP9 cause a novel form of interneuronopathy characterized by intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, and epilepsy with variable expressivity.

PURPOSE: Interneuronopathies are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by deficient migration and differentiation of gamma-aminobutyric acidergic interneurons resulting in a broad clinical spectrum, including autism spectrum disorders, early-onset epileptic encephalopathy, intellectual disability, and schizophrenic disorders. SP9 is a transcription factor belonging to the Krüppel-like factor and specificity protein family, the members of which harbor highly conserved DNA-binding domains. SP9 plays a central role in interneuron development and tangential migration, but it has not yet been implicated in a human neurodevelopmental disorder. METHODS: Cases with SP9 variants were collected through international data-sharing networks. To address the specific impact of SP9 variants, in silico and in vitro assays were carried out. RESULTS: De novo heterozygous variants in SP9 cause a novel form of interneuronopathy. SP9 missense variants affecting the glutamate 378 amino acid result in severe epileptic encephalopathy because of hypomorphic and neomorphic DNA-binding effects, whereas SP9 loss-of-function variants result in a milder phenotype with epilepsy, developmental delay, and autism spectrum disorder. CONCLUSION: De novo heterozygous SP9 variants are responsible for a neurodevelopmental disease. Interestingly, variants located in conserved DNA-binding domains of KLF/SP family transcription factors may lead to neomorphic DNA-binding functions resulting in a combination of loss- and gain-of-function effects.

Vitamin B1 deficiency leads to high oxidative stress and mtDNA depletion caused by SLC19A3 mutation in consanguineous family with Leigh syndrome.

Leigh syndrome (LS) and Leigh-like spectrum are the most common infantile mitochondrial disorders characterized by heterogeneous neurologic and metabolic manifestations. Pathogenic variants in SLC carriers are frequently reported in LS given their important role in transporting various solutes across the blood-brain barrier. SLC19A3 (THTR2) is one of these carriers transporting vitamin-B1 (vitB1, thiamine) into the cell. Targeted NGS of nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial diseases was performed in a patient belonging to a consanguineous Tunisian family with LS and revealed a homozygous c.1264 A > G (p.T422A) variant in SLC19A3. Molecular docking revealed that the p.T422A aa change is located at a key position interacting with vitB1 and causes conformational changes compromising vitB1 import. We further disclosed decreased plasma antioxidant activities of CAT, SOD and GSH enzymes, and a 42% decrease of the mtDNA copy number in patient blood.Altogether, our results disclose that the c.1264 A > G (p.T422A) variant in SLC19A3 affects vitB1 transport, induces a mtDNA depletion and reduces the expression level of oxidative stress enzymes, altogether contributing to the LS phenotype of the patient.

Cellular allostatic load is linked to increased energy expenditure and accelerated biological aging.

Stress triggers anticipatory physiological responses that promote survival, a phenomenon termed allostasis. However, the chronic activation of energy-dependent allostatic responses results in allostatic load, a dysregulated state that predicts functional decline, accelerates aging, and increases mortality in humans. The energetic cost and cellular basis for the damaging effects of allostatic load have not been defined. Here, by longitudinally profiling three unrelated primary human fibroblast lines across their lifespan, we find that chronic glucocorticoid exposure increases cellular energy expenditure by ∼60%, along with a metabolic shift from glycolysis to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). This state of stress-induced hypermetabolism is linked to mtDNA instability, non-linearly affects age-related cytokines secretion, and accelerates cellular aging based on DNA methylation clocks, telomere shortening rate, and reduced lifespan. Pharmacologically normalizing OxPhos activity while further increasing energy expenditure exacerbates the accelerated aging phenotype, pointing to total energy expenditure as a potential driver of aging dynamics. Together, our findings define bioenergetic and multi-omic recalibrations of stress adaptation, underscoring increased energy expenditure and accelerated cellular aging as interrelated features of cellular allostatic load.

A novel variant in BMPR1B causes acromesomelic dysplasia Grebe type in a consanguineous Moroccan family: Expanding the phenotypic and mutational spectrum of acromesomelic dysplasias.

Acromesomelic dysplasia Grebe type (AMD Grebe type) is an autosomal recessive trait characterized by short stature, shortened limbs and malformations of the hands and feet. It is caused by variants in the growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) or, in rare cases, its receptor, the bone morphogenetic protein receptor-1B (BMPR1B). Here, we report a novel homozygous BMPR1B variant causing AMD Grebe type in a consanguineous Moroccan family with two affected sibs from BRO Biobank. Remarkably, the affected individuals showed additional features including bilateral simian creases, lumbar hyperlordosis, as well as lower limb length inequality and dislocated hips in one of them, which were never reported previously for AMD Grebe type patients. The identified novel BMPR1B variant (c.1201C>T, p.R401*) is predicted to result in loss of function of the BMPR1B protein either by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay or production of a truncated BMPR1B protein. Thus, these findings expand the phenotypic and mutational spectrum of AMD, and may improve the diagnosis of AMD and enable appropriate genetic counselling to be offered to patients.

Transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 is enriched at the centrosome in human cells.

The centrosome, as the main microtubule organizing centre, plays key roles in cell polarity, genome stability and ciliogenesis. The recent identification of ribosomes, RNA-binding proteins and transcripts at the centrosome suggests local protein synthesis. In this context, we hypothesized that TDP-43, a highly conserved RNA binding protein involved in the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration, could be enriched at this organelle. Using dedicated high magnification sub-diffraction microscopy on human cells, we discovered a novel localization of TDP-43 at the centrosome during all phases of the cell cycle. These results were confirmed on purified centrosomes by western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy. In addition, the co-localization of TDP-43 and pericentrin suggested a pericentriolar enrichment of the protein, leading us to hypothesize that TDP-43 might interact with local mRNAs and proteins. Supporting this hypothesis, we found four conserved centrosomal mRNAs and 16 centrosomal proteins identified as direct TDP-43 interactors. More strikingly, all the 16 proteins are implicated in the pathophysiology of TDP-43 proteinopathies, suggesting that TDP-43 dysfunction in this organelle contributes to neurodegeneration. This first description of TDP-43 centrosomal enrichment paves the way for a more comprehensive understanding of TDP-43 physiology and pathology.

Autosomal recessive Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, a new neuro-ophthalmo-genetic paradigm.

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a primary inherited neurodegenerative disorder of the optic nerve. It has been ascribed to variants in the mitochondrial genome, mainly the m.3460G>A, m.11778G>A and m.14484T>C mutations in ND1, ND4 and ND6, respectively. Nonetheless, inconclusive molecular diagnosis is not uncommon. Recently, biallelic mutations in the NDUFS2, DNAJC30, MCAT and NDUFA12 nuclear genes have been identified in unresolved LHON cases, identifying an autosomal recessive LHON (arLHON, OMIM:619382). The clinical presentation of arLHON copies that of typical LHON due to mtDNA mutations (mtLHON), with an acute phase of sudden and severe vision loss, telangiectatic and tortuous vessels around the optic nerve and swelling of the retinal nerve fibre layer. This is followed by a chronic phase of retinal nerve fibre layer loss, but eventually affected individuals recover partial or full visual acuity. Idebenone treatment significantly improved vision recovery in DNAJC30-associated patients. As for mtLHON, arLHON predominantly affected male compared with female carriers. The discovery of arLHON cases breaks with the dogma of exclusive maternal inheritance. It defines a new neuro-ophthalmo-genetic paradigm, which should be considered in individuals manifesting a LHON phenotype but with an inconclusive molecular diagnosis. NDUFS2, DNAJC30, MCAT and NDUFA12 should be investigated in these individuals, knowing that other arLHON genes might exist.

TEFM variants impair mitochondrial transcription causing childhood-onset neurological disease.

Mutations in the mitochondrial or nuclear genomes are associated with a diverse group of human disorders characterized by impaired mitochondrial respiration. Within this group, an increasing number of mutations have been identified in nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial RNA biology. The TEFM gene encodes the mitochondrial transcription elongation factor responsible for enhancing the processivity of mitochondrial RNA polymerase, POLRMT. We report for the first time that TEFM variants are associated with mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency and a wide range of clinical presentations including mitochondrial myopathy with a treatable neuromuscular transmission defect. Mechanistically, we show muscle and primary fibroblasts from the affected individuals have reduced levels of promoter distal mitochondrial RNA transcripts. Finally, tefm knockdown in zebrafish embryos resulted in neuromuscular junction abnormalities and abnormal mitochondrial function, strengthening the genotype-phenotype correlation. Our study highlights that TEFM regulates mitochondrial transcription elongation and its defect results in variable, tissue-specific neurological and neuromuscular symptoms.

OxPhos defects cause hypermetabolism and reduce lifespan in cells and in patients with mitochondrial diseases.

Patients with primary mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) defects present with fatigue and multi-system disorders, are often lean, and die prematurely, but the mechanistic basis for this clinical picture remains unclear. By integrating data from 17 cohorts of patients with mitochondrial diseases (n = 690) we find evidence that these disorders increase resting energy expenditure, a state termed hypermetabolism. We examine this phenomenon longitudinally in patient-derived fibroblasts from multiple donors. Genetically or pharmacologically disrupting OxPhos approximately doubles cellular energy expenditure. This cell-autonomous state of hypermetabolism occurs despite near-normal OxPhos coupling efficiency, excluding uncoupling as a general mechanism. Instead, hypermetabolism is associated with mitochondrial DNA instability, activation of the integrated stress response (ISR), and increased extracellular secretion of age-related cytokines and metabokines including GDF15. In parallel, OxPhos defects accelerate telomere erosion and epigenetic aging per cell division, consistent with evidence that excess energy expenditure accelerates biological aging. To explore potential mechanisms for these effects, we generate a longitudinal RNASeq and DNA methylation resource dataset, which reveals conserved, energetically demanding, genome-wide recalibrations. Taken together, these findings highlight the need to understand how OxPhos defects influence the energetic cost of living, and the link between hypermetabolism and aging in cells and patients with mitochondrial diseases.

The top 10 most frequently involved genes in hereditary optic neuropathies in 2186 probands.

Hereditary optic neuropathies are caused by the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerves, with a consistent genetic heterogeneity. As part of our diagnostic activity, we retrospectively evaluated the combination of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy mutations testing with the exon sequencing of 87 nuclear genes on 2186 patients referred for suspected hereditary optic neuropathies. The positive diagnosis rate in individuals referred for Leber hereditary optic neuropathy testing was 18% (199/1126 index cases), with 92% (184/199) carrying one of the three main pathogenic variants of mitochondrial DNA (m.11778G>A, 66.5%; m.3460G>A, 15% and m.14484T>C, 11%). The positive diagnosis rate in individuals referred for autosomal dominant or recessive optic neuropathies was 27% (451/1680 index cases), with 10 genes accounting together for 96% of this cohort. This represents an overall positive diagnostic rate of 30%. The identified top 10 nuclear genes included OPA1, WFS1, ACO2, SPG7, MFN2, AFG3L2, RTN4IP1, TMEM126A, NR2F1 and FDXR. Eleven additional genes, each accounting for less than 1% of cases, were identified in 17 individuals. Our results show that 10 major genes account for more than 96% of the cases diagnosed with our nuclear gene panel.

Distinct Metabolic Profiles of Ocular Hypertensives in Response to Hypoxia.

Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease that affects the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The main risk factor is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), but the actual cause of the disease remains unknown. Emerging evidence indicates that metabolic dysfunction plays a central role. The aim of the current study was to determine and compare the effect of universal hypoxia on the metabolomic signature in plasma samples from healthy controls (n = 10), patients with normal-tension glaucoma (NTG, n = 10), and ocular hypertension (OHT, n = 10). By subjecting humans to universal hypoxia, we aim to mimic a state in which the mitochondria in the body are universally stressed. Participants were exposed to normobaric hypoxia for two hours, followed by a 30 min recovery period in normobaric normoxia. Blood samples were collected at baseline, during hypoxia, and in recovery. Plasma samples were analyzed using a non-targeted metabolomics approach based on liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Multivariate analyses were conducted using principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and univariate analysis using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and false discovery rate (FDR) correction. Unique metabolites involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and ketone body metabolism were upregulated, while metabolites of the kynurenine pathway were downregulated in OHT patients exposed to universal hypoxia. Differential affection of metabolic pathways may explain why patients with OHT initially do not suffer or are more resilient from optic nerve degeneration. The metabolomes of NTG and OHT patients are regulated differently from control subjects and show dysregulation of metabolites important for energy production. These dysregulated processes may potentially contribute to the elevation of IOP and, ultimately, cell death of the RGCs.

Expanding the genetic spectrum of mitochondrial diseases in Tunisia: novel variants revealed by whole-exome sequencing.

Introduction: Inherited mitochondrial diseases are the most common group of metabolic disorders caused by a defect in oxidative phosphorylation. They are characterized by a wide clinical and genetic spectrum and can manifest at any age. In this study, we established novel phenotype-genotype correlations between the clinical and molecular features of a cohort of Tunisian patients with mitochondrial diseases. Materials and methods: Whole-exome sequencing was performed on five Tunisian patients with suspected mitochondrial diseases. Then, a combination of filtering and bioinformatics prediction tools was utilized to assess the pathogenicity of genetic variations. Sanger sequencing was subsequently performed to confirm the presence of potential deleterious variants in the patients and verify their segregation within families. Structural modeling was conducted to study the effect of novel variants on the protein structure. Results: We identified two novel homozygous variants in NDUFAF5 (c.827G>C; p.Arg276Pro) and FASTKD2 (c.496_497del; p.Leu166GlufsTer2) associated with a severe clinical form of Leigh and Leigh-like syndromes, respectively. Our results further disclosed two variants unreported in North Africa, in GFM2 (c.569G>A; p.Arg190Gln) and FOXRED1 (c.1261G>A; p.Val421Met) genes, and we described the first case of fumaric aciduria in a Tunisian patient harboring the c.1358T>C; p.Leu453Pro FH variant. Conclusion: Our study expands the mutational and phenotypic spectrum of mitochondrial diseases in Tunisia and highlights the importance of next-generation sequencing to decipher the pathomolecular mechanisms responsible for these disorders in an admixed population.

Case report: Thirty-year progression of an EMPF1 encephalopathy due to defective mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission caused by a novel de novo heterozygous DNM1L variant.

Mutations in DNM1L (DRP1), which encode a key player of mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission, have been reported in patients with the variable phenotypic spectrum, ranging from non-syndromic optic atrophy to lethal infantile encephalopathy. Here, we report a case of an adult female patient presenting with a complex neurological phenotype that associates axonal sensory neuropathy, spasticity, optic atrophy, dysarthria, dysphasia, dystonia, and ataxia, worsening with aging. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a heterozygous de novo variant in the GTPase domain of DNM1L [NM_001278464.1: c.176C>A p.(Thr59Asn)] making her the oldest patient suffering from encephalopathy due to defective mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission-1. In silico analysis suggested a protein destabilization effect of the variant Thr59Asn. Unexpectedly, Western blotting disclosed profound decrease of DNM1L expression, probably related to the degradation of DNM1L complexes. A detailed description of mitochondrial and peroxisomal anomalies in transmission electron and 3D fluorescence microscopy studies confirmed the exceptional phenotype of this patient.

Movement disorders in valine métabolism diseases caused by HIBCH and ECHS1 deficiencies.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: HIBCH and ECHS1 genes encode two enzymes implicated in the critical steps of valine catabolism, 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-coenzyme A (CoA) hydrolase (HIBCH) and short-chainenoyl-CoA hydratase (ECHS1), respectively. HIBCH deficiency (HIBCHD) and ECHS1 deficiency (ECHS1D) generate rare metabolic dysfunctions, often revealed by neurological symptoms. The aim of this study was to describe movement disorders spectrum in patients with pathogenic variants in ECHS1 and HIBC. METHODS: We reviewed a series of 18 patients (HIBCHD: 5; ECHS1D: 13) as well as 105 patients from the literature. We analysed the detailed phenotype of HIBCHD (38 patients) and ECHS1D (85 patients), focusing on MDs. RESULTS: The two diseases have a very similar neurological phenotype, with an early onset before 10 years of age for three clinical presentations: neonatal onset, Leigh-like syndrome (progressive onset or acute neurological decompensation), and isolated paroxysmal dyskinesia. Permanent or paroxysmal MDs were recorded in 61% of HIBCHD patients and 72% of ECHS1D patients. Patients had a variable combination of either isolated or combined MD, and dystonia was the main MD. These continuous MDs included dystonia, chorea, parkinsonism, athetosis, myoclonus, tremors, and abnormal eye movements. Patients with paroxysmal dyskinesia (HIBCHD: 4; ECHS1D: 9) usually had pure paroxysmal dystonia with normal clinical examination and no major impairment in psychomotor development. No correlation could be identified between clinical pattern (especially MD) and genetic pathogenic variants. CONCLUSIONS: Movement disorders, including abnormal ocular movements, are a hallmark of HIBCHD and ECHS1D. MDs are not uniform; dystonia is the most frequent, and various types of MD are combined in single patient.

Physiology of PNS axons relies on glycolytic metabolism in myelinating Schwann cells.

While lactate shuttle theory states that glial cells metabolize glucose into lactate to shuttle it to neurons, how glial cells support axonal metabolism and function remains unclear. Lactate production is a common occurrence following anaerobic glycolysis in muscles. However, several other cell types, including some stem cells, activated macrophages and tumor cells, can produce lactate in presence of oxygen and cellular respiration, using Pyruvate Kinase 2 (PKM2) to divert pyruvate to lactate dehydrogenase. We show here that PKM2 is also upregulated in myelinating Schwann cells (mSC) of mature mouse sciatic nerve versus postnatal immature nerve. Deletion of this isoform in PLP-expressing cells in mice leads to a deficit of lactate in mSC and in peripheral nerves. While the structure of myelin sheath was preserved, mutant mice developed a peripheral neuropathy. Peripheral nerve axons of mutant mice failed to maintain lactate homeostasis upon activity, resulting in an impaired production of mitochondrial ATP. Action potential propagation was not altered but axonal mitochondria transport was slowed down, muscle axon terminals retracted and motor neurons displayed cellular stress. Additional reduction of lactate availability through dichloroacetate treatment, which diverts pyruvate to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, further aggravated motor dysfunction in mutant mice. Thus, lactate production through PKM2 enzyme and aerobic glycolysis is essential in mSC for the long-term maintenance of peripheral nerve axon physiology and function.

The multiple facets of mitochondrial regulations controlling cellular thermogenesis.

Understanding temperature production and regulation in endotherm organisms becomes a crucial challenge facing the increased frequency and intensity of heat strokes related to global warming. Mitochondria, located at the crossroad of metabolism, respiration, Ca2+ homeostasis, and apoptosis, were recently proposed to further act as cellular radiators, with an estimated inner temperature reaching 50 °C in common cell lines. This inner thermogenesis might be further exacerbated in organs devoted to produce consistent efforts as muscles, or heat as brown adipose tissue, in response to acute solicitations. Consequently, pathways promoting respiratory chain uncoupling and mitochondrial activity, such as Ca2+ fluxes, uncoupling proteins, futile cycling, and substrate supplies, provide the main processes controlling heat production and cell temperature. The mitochondrial thermogenesis might be further amplified by cytoplasmic mechanisms promoting the over-consumption of ATP pools. Considering these new thermic paradigms, we discuss here all conventional wisdoms linking mitochondrial functions to cellular thermogenesis in different physiological conditions.

Next-generation sequencing of Tunisian Leigh syndrome patients reveals novel variations: impact for diagnosis and treatment.

Mitochondrial cytopathies, among which the Leigh syndrome (LS), are caused by variants either in the mitochondrial or the nuclear genome, affecting the oxidative phosphorylation process. The aim of the present study consisted in defining the molecular diagnosis of a group of Tunisian patients with LS. Six children, belonging to five Tunisian families, with clinical and imaging presentations suggestive of LS were recruited. Whole mitochondrial DNA and targeted next-generation sequencing of a panel of 281 nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial physiology were performed. Bioinformatic analyses were achieved in order to identify deleterious variations. A single m.10197G>A (p.Ala47Thr) variant was found in the mitochondrial MT-ND3 gene in one patient, while the others were related to autosomal homozygous variants: two c.1412delA (p.Gln471ArgfsTer42) and c.1264A>G (p.Thr422Ala) in SLC19A3, one c.454C>G (p.Pro152Ala) in SLC25A19 and one c.122G>A (p.Gly41Asp) in ETHE1. Our findings demonstrate the usefulness of genomic investigations to improve LS diagnosis in consanguineous populations and further allow for treating the patients harboring variants in SLC19A3 and SLC25A19 that contribute to thiamine transport, by thiamine and biotin supplementation. Considering the Tunisian genetic background, the newly identified variants could be screened in patients with similar clinical presentation in related populations.

First characterization of LTBP3 variants in two Moroccan families with hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta.

OBJECTIVES: To decipher and improve the molecular diagnosis of Hypoplastic Amelogenesis Imperfecta in Morocco. DESIGN: Using whole exome sequencing, we analyzed two Moroccan families with Hypoplastic Amelogenesis Imperfecta. The 2 patients from the first family had dental anomalies and short stature syndrome, brachyolmia and nephrocalcinosis with difference in severity, while the proband of the second family had Hypoplastic Amelogenesis Imperfecta with a suspicion of brachyolmia. RESULTS: We identified two novel LTBP3 homozygous variants, the c.2495delT deletion (p.Phe832SerfsTer36) and the c.3716 G>A (p.Cys1239Tyr) missense variant, respectively. Molecular modelling and stability analyses of the missense variant disclosed a possible destabilization of the wild-type structure. CONCLUSION: Although LTBP3 variants were related to this phenotype in various populations, we report the first LTBP3 variants in the Moroccan population, in families with Hypoplastic Amelogenesis Imperfecta.